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Horse Hoof Capsule Conditions
Understanding and overcoming 7 common equine foot issuesNutrition, management, and farriery can all help protect the horses hooves from potential issues. | Adobe StockSometimes a severe, career-altering injury or pathology, such as a deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) tear or coffin joint arthritis, causes your horses foot lameness. In other instances, usually less serious, the outer hoof structures themselves create the gimpy gait. Learning to recognize, treat, and prevent these (mostly) avoidable conditions not only spares your horse unnecessary discomfort but also helps you avoid lost riding time and incurring veterinary expenses. After all, youd be the one footing the bill for your horses hoof problems.To get some answers about seven common hoof capsule conditions, weve recruited two experts from the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, in Blacksburg, Virginia: Lauren Trager, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVSMR, clinical assistant professor of equine sports medicine and rehabilitation, and Travis Burns, MSc, CJF, TE, EE, FWCF, associate professor of practice and the chief of farrier services at the veterinary school.Promoting Healthy HoovesAs an owner, you must work with the cards you are dealtthe feet that came with your horse. But unlike a conformation fault thats set in stone, theres a lot you can do with nutrition, management, and farriery to protect less-than-perfect hooves from the myriad issues well discuss in this article. With all 1,200-plus pounds of your horse resting on the size equivalent of four upside-down saucers, its only natural youd want to take the absolute best care of his hooves.Starting with the basics, a balanced diet with adequate protein plays a crucial role in hoof growth and quality because the hoof wall consists mainly of a protein called keratin. Feeding enough biotin (vitamin B7)the single most important vitamin for hoof healthalso remains a top priority. Be patient with dietary adjustments and stick to the plan you have devised with your equine nutritionist or veterinarian, keeping in mind it can take up to a year for a horse to grow a whole new hoof.Proper hygiene pays dividends in keeping hooves healthy and intact. Bed your horses stall well (a minimum of 4 inches in depth) and clean it at least daily, limit mud exposure, and pick his feet regularlyespecially if he wears shoes, which can trap moisture and debris. Last, but certainly not least, regular hoof care by a skilled farrier can help prevent unbalanced, overgrown, or cracked hooves that open the dooror rather, the wallto abscesses and other issues.The Recipe for Hoof ProblemsProlonged exposure to moisture weakens the hoof horn. | iStockDespite the hoofs tough, impermeable appearance, it functions as a living, breathing organ that responds and adapts to its environment. Unfavorable genetics, nutritional deficiencies, unsanitary living conditions, and lack of quality hoof care all contribute as risk factors for poor hoof health.Specifically, prolonged exposure to watersuch as standing in deep mud all dayor, on the contrary, excessive drynessboth weaken the horses hoof horn1. Research2 shows that contact with manure and urine-soaked bedding also weakens the hoof wall and introduces bacteria and fungi into the frog and white line, compromising the health and integrity of the hoof capsule, Burns says.Weve categorized hoof capsule ailments into seven distinct conditions: subsolar abscess, hoof bruise, hoof crack, white line disease, thrush, canker, and supporting-limb laminitis.1. Subsolar AbscessIf youve ever found your horse suddenly three-legged lame, with a hot hoof and a bounding digital pulse, youve probably feared the worsta fractureand held your breath until a pocket of pus finally blew out the bottom of his foot. Subsolarmeaning under the soleabscesses in horses are essentially just large pimples. But because these pockets of pus and debris remain tightly compressed inside the hoof capsule, unable to swell and expand outward like they would on the skin, they cause extreme pain. (Imagine having a pimple stuck under your nail. Ouch!) Putting weight on the abscessed tissue aggravates the pain and often causes a degree of lameness that frightens the horses caretakers.Despite the crippling pain they can cause, abscesses are generally only serious if they are not treated but instead allowed to undermine the hoof capsule for a prolonged period of time, Burns says. This creates the potential for the infection to spread to other parts of the foot.Subsolar (under the sole) abscesses can cause extreme pain until they are opened. | The Horse StaffIn an ideal world, the farrier or vet locates and opens the abscess at the margin of the sole through the white line.This allows for faster healing than an abscess that blows or erupts at the coronary band (where the hairline meets the hoof capsule), leaving a horizontal hoof crack that can take several months to grow out, says Burns.Soaking the hoof to soften it and packing it with drawing agents encourages a suspected abscess to emerge. Across various barns youll encounter different concoctions, often featuring Epsom salts and the drawing salve ichthammol. Some people also add the antiseptic povidone-iodine (Betadine) to kill bacteria. A hoof abscess is an infection, says Burns. The pus, an agglomeration of dirt, debris, and microbes, invades the foot.But the traditional soak, pack, then wait method isnt always the most effective or practical, experts say. Most of the drawing agents do not work well on the hoof, Burns says, reflecting on his experience. In my opinion, if a horse owner has a suspected abscess, they should call their vet or farrier right away. Using hoof testers and a hoof knife, either professional should be able to identify, localize, and open an abscess quickly to provide relief to the horse. Once the pus can drain, the pressure is released, and the horse should become at least somewhat more comfortable within 24 hours.Trager agrees. In my opinion, soaking the foot doesnt actually help an abscess mature, she says, arguing that moisture can be undesirable. Now, if the horse has an abscess thats already opened and draining, then soaking can help that process. Otherwise, I dont find it particularly useful.2. Hoof BruiseHorses with naturally thin soles are prone to hoof bruising if they step on hard, rocky ground. Thin solesand the solar bruising that can come with themchallenge many Thoroughbred owners, though the condition affects all horses, whether shod or barefoot. Depending on the amount of hemorrhage, blood might pool under the sole, causing red or purple discoloration. If your horse sustains a hoof bruise, expect him to show signs of lameness and sensitivity to pressure on his sole, frog, and/or heels.Horses with thin soles are prone to hoof bruising if they step on hard, rocky ground. | Adobe stockHoof pads or boots might be necessary to relieve the horses foot tenderness and guard the sole from further damage. With solar bruises, my first plan of action is typically to protect the sole by incorporating a leather or plastic pad (when shoeing), Burns explains. I also use soft silicone or foam hoof packing underneath to pad the bruised areas.If thats not enough, the farrier then turns to a metal plate for a more rigid protective cover. Solar bruises typically take weeks or months to heal, depending on their severity, the promptness and effectiveness of treatment, and the horses general hoof health.3. Hoof CrackHooves split and crack when they are too dry3, weak, or brittle. Cracks can also occur from uneven pressure distribution across the weight-bearing surface because of an unbalanced trim or sheared (uneven) heels4, for example. Hoof cracks can be quite painful and cause lameness. The most concerning cracks are vertical, complete (top to bottom), and full thicknessthrough all three layers of the hoof wall, says Burns.Farriers can repair hoof cracks with strategic trimming, shoeing, and literal patching. In the long run you can help keep your horses hooves in one piece by applying a hoof hardener (for weak, brittle horn) or a hoof moisturizer (for dry, cracking horn). Your veterinarian or farrier can help you select the best option for your case, taking the entire horse, his environment, and history into account.4. White Line DiseaseWhite line disease involves the separation of the hoof wall from the underlying laminae. | Alexandra BeckstettAlso called seedy toe, white line disease in horses involves the separation of the hoof wall from the underlying laminae. Abnormal or uneven stress on the hoof wall, either from poor hoof conformation or, again, an unbalanced trim5, typically plays a role. Opportunistic bacteria and fungi can infiltrate the fissures of the wall, leading to an infection that eats away at the hoof.Treating severe, advanced white line disease often means taking aggressive measures. Veterinarians might pursue debridement surgery, followed by packing topical antimicrobial medication and iodine or copper sulfate-soaked gauze pads into the surgical opening. In some cases the horse needs corrective shoeing to support and protect the hoof during the healing process.5. ThrushHorse owners commonly encounter thrush. In fact, youve probably seenand smelledthrush before you even knew what it was. Researchers have shown a mixed bag of bacteria causes the putrid black discharge coming from your horses frog and sole6.Risk factors for the development of thrush include wet, unsanitary conditions, lack of movement, infrequent hoof cleaning, but also less-than-ideal hoof conformation such as contracted heels or an atrophied frog, says Burns. Additionally, horses that wear pads without antimicrobial hoof packing are more at risk for thrush due to the moist environment.Treatment for thrush has evolved in recent years because scientists have determined the active ingredients in many topical productsnamely formaldehyde and gentian violetcan be carcinogenic to the humans who handle them. Alternative treatments now include copper naphthenate, cephapirin benzathine, chlorhexidine, and iodine.6. CankerAs for canker, Trager explains its an infection characterized by a chronic, hypertrophic, moist dermatitis reaction that affects horn-producing tissues. While thrush and canker are two different diseases, both can affect the frog and arise under the same moist, unsanitary conditions, she says. Long-standing thrush has even been implicated as a cause of canker due to the damage and degeneration it causes to horn cells. Considering this, a horse with thrush could be more susceptible to canker, the veterinarian concludes, pointing to the need for further research on the apparent correlation between the two.7. Supporting-Limb LaminitisLaminitis occurs when the laminae, responsible for suspending the coffin bone within the hoof capsule, suffer damage and inflammation. In severe cases they detach, allowing the coffin bone to rotate downward or sink.It often stems from systemic issues such as a carbohydrate overload or a fever associated with a body-wide infection. Supporting-limb laminitis, a less common form of the condition, primarily affects the hoof capsule.Support-limb laminitis occurs when a horse overloads one foot to offload another painful one, explains Trager. Take, for example, a horse that has sustained a fracture to his right-hind cannon bone. The left hind leg will carry extra weight to support and offload the painful right hind. This can sometimes go on 24/7 for weeks or even months on end. The renowned Thoroughbred racehorse Barbaro faced this exact misfortune when he succumbed to supporting-limb laminitis in 2007 after successful surgical repair of his fractures.Support-limb laminitis happens because of laminar injury from hypoxia (low oxygen levels) in response to vascular derangement within the limb, Trager says, blaming lack of movement of the horses supporting limb for the vascular stasis (blood pooling) within the limb.Trager describes the disease process. Due to the decreased blood flow, small blood clots form in the vessels, eventually leading to laminar hypoxia, she says. This oxygen deprivation can cause the lamellar apparatus to fail, and the coffin bone to rotate. She notes that while the horse might not be systemically ill with supporting-limb laminitis, the vascular derangement that occurs can affect much more than just the hoof capsule.Take-Home MessageIn many cases you can spare your equine companion from painful, debilitating hoof capsule problems with balanced nutrition, clean living conditions, regular hoof picking, and skilled trimming or shoeing. Dutifully applying these simple concepts to your horses care and management lays the groundwork for strong, healthy, and resilient hooves.References1. Bertram JEA, Gosline JM. Functional design of horse hoof keratin: the modulation of mechanical properties through hydration effects. J Exp Biol. 1987;130(1):121136.2. Munzinger K, Monhart B, Geyer H. The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Hoof of Horses. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia. 2005;34(1):36.3. Ptz AC. (2006). Monitoring of seasonal influences, the effect of housing conditions and domestication on the horn quality of the equine hoof. Freie Universitt Berlin. tinyurl.com/ymdszvak4. Beasley B. Hoof Cracks in Horses. Merck Veterinary Manual. 2024. tinyurl.com/2uxswhud5. Beasley B. White Line Disease in Horses. Merck Veterinary Manual. 2024. tinyurl.com/3v884tnj6. Pelletier M, Draper J. Characterization and identification of bacterial flora from infected equine hooves. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research. 2022;8(2):5056.This article is from the Winter 2024 issue ofThe Horse: Your Guide to Equine Health Care. We at The Horse work to provide you with the latest and most reliable news and information on equine health, care, management, and welfare through our magazine and TheHorse.com. 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