See what science has revealed about equine spinal manipulationThe equine industry needs more research to validate chiropractic as a treatment for musculoskeletal pain in horses. | Photo: Kevin Thompson/The HorseOver the years chiropractic care has become an ingrained part of equine athletes wellness routines across various disciplines. Many riders see and feel for themselves the benefits of having their horses adjustedbut does the research back up their observations? Here well look into the science behind chiropractic.Owners Report BenefitsIn short, chiropractic involves noninvasive manual restoration of motility and function in spinal joints through physical adjustments of the body. (Learn what to expect with a veterinary chiropractic adjustment at TheHorse.com/1128381.) In a U.K. survey conducted 2015 to 2016, more than half (59%) of horse owners reported having used the therapy.1 As equine chiropractic becomes more available, its being integrated into many horses routine care, says Jordan Calabro, DVM, an equine chiropractor and acupuncturist at Equine Integrated Veterinary Solutions (EIVS), based in Brewster, New York. After earning her veterinary degree from Cornell University, Calabro completed both the Equine Veterinary Medical Manipulation Practitioner certification and the Equine Acupuncture Course at Chi University in 2017.Calabro and many other veterinariansand equestrianshave reported extensive clinical benefits from chiropractic. Horse owners tend to put their equine athletes and companions on their chiropractors schedule based on the results they see and feel rather than the data (or lack thereof) that support the therapys effectiveness. Case in point: In a 2024 study involving 38 horses, riders in a blind trialwhich rules out the potential for a placebo effectobserved improved ridden work quality following chiropractic treatment. But in the study, authors saw no differences in the horses stride length, stride rate, stride symmetry, or heart rate2 post-adjustment.Evaluating Chiropractics EffectsBefore diving into studies about the effectiveness of chiropractic on equine-specific biomechanics, performance, and wellness, we asked Calabro how she empirically evaluates the benefits of her work. She palpates and assesses the passive and active range of motion (ROM) of her patients joints on each visit before making her adjustments.I do sometimes hear riders say they feel no difference in their horses post-adjustment, Calabro says. Not every chiropractor follows the same method, and horse owners have a right to seek out a practitioner that works well for them. In terms of the time it takes to reap the benefits of chiropractic, she says results can often be seen and felt following the first visit, but routine adjustments help keep the horse on the path to better movement.Chiropractic should also be part of a holistic approach to horse care, Calabro says, adding that she often works with other veterinarians and therapists to tailor treatments and get horses feeling their best; chiropractic is a complementary therapy. As chiropractors, we can help identify problems in the axial skeletonneck, back, and pelvisespecially well. When we do find back pain, we always assess saddle fit concurrently, she adds.Equine-Specific ResearchThe consensus indicates a need for more research to validate chiropractic as a treatment for equine musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Lets take a closer look at four published papers.Authors on a 2022 study argued that while owners often employ chiropractic to treat back pain and stiffness in horses, evidence for its effectiveness in addressing lameness remains scarce.3 In the clinical trial they found four chiropractic adjustments significantly improved subjective measures of lameness scores and vertebral stiff ness. However, they noted limited or inconsistent therapeutic effects in objective lameness scores and other measures of axial skeleton pain and dysfunction. These findings align with the 2024 study mentioned earlier, where riders felt adjusted horses moved better but changes werent objectively measurable.In 2018 a team at the University of California, Davis, found chiropractic had a direct positive impact on muscle function.4 This might surprise equestrians who rely on the horses chiropractic appointments strictly for spinal health and function.In a 2008 Equine Veterinary Journal (EVJ) study, researchers found one instance of chiropractic manipulation resulted in increased flexion-extension ROM in horses one hour after treatment but decreased ROM after three weeks.5In another 2008 EVJ study, scientists revealed chiropractic care increases spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds more than massage therapy and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone (Bute) do.6Risks and Adverse Effects?Risk zero doesnt exist. With chiropractic, I am occasionally met with skepticism, Calabro admits. When that happens, I try to talk my clients through my approach as I work on their horses. My goal is always to make the animals more comfortable and better able to do their job. She does hear complaints of chiropractors being too rough with horses, making them sore afterward and leaving owners skeptical.To date, and as far as current knowledge indicates, researchers have reported no serious adverse effects of equine chiropractic in the literature.7 Nonetheless, its important to recognize the inherent risk of manipulating delicate tissues that house the spinal cord and numerous vital arteries.Take-Home MessageResearch backing the efficacy of equine chiropractic is only just emerging, but that hasnt stopped horse owners from embracing the therapy. Positive clinical results guide a growing number of veterinarians and equestrians in their choice of incorporating chiropractic into their equine athletes physical maintenance programs.REFERENCES1. Loving NS. Survey of Horse Owners Regarding Complementary Therapies. EquiManagement. Published April 25, 2018. Accessed May 27, 2025. tinyurl.com/3hxfj2wk.2. Lorello O, Rule E, Haughan J, Wang K, Niu M, and Brown K. Chiropractic effects on stride parameters and heart rate during exercise in sport horses. Equine Vet J. 2025;57(1):6975.3. Maldonado MD, Parkinson SD, Story MR, Haussler KK. The effect of chiropractic treatment on limb lameness and concurrent axial skeleton pain and dysfunction in horses. Animals: An Open Access Journal From MDPI. 2022;12(20):2845.4. Acutt EV, Le Jeune SS, Pypendop BH. Evaluation of the effects of chiropractic on static and dynamic muscle variables in sport horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2019;73:8490.5. Gomez Alvarez CB, Moffatt D, Back W. Effect of chiropractic manipulations on the kinematics of back and limbs in horses with clinically diagnosed back problems. Equine Vet J. 2008;40(2):153159.6. Sullivan KA, Hill AE, Haussler KK. The effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone on spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses without clinical signs. Equine Vet J. 2008;40(1):1420.7. Haussler K. Review of manual therapy techniques in equine practice. J Equine Vet Sci. 2009;29(12):849869.This article is from the Fall 2025 issue ofThe Horse: Your Guide to Equine Health Care. We at The Horse work to provide you with the latest and most reliable news and information on equine health, care, management, and welfare through our magazine and TheHorse.com. Your subscription helps The Horse continue to offer this vital resource to horse owners of all breeds, disciplines, and experience levels. To access current issues included in your subscription, please sign in to theAppleorGoogleapps ORclick herefor the desktop version.