Late-gestation abdominal pain in mares can be a perplexing enigma, a blend of mystery and urgencySpace is scarce in the abdomen during late gestation, and broodmares can experience colic, whether due to gastrointestinal problems or pregnancy-related ones.| Adobe StockA horse of any sex or reproductive status could experience abdominal pain from gastrointestinal (GI) distress or muscle pain in the abdomen. But a pregnant mare showing abdominal discomfort could be aborting her fetus or developing pregnancy complications.Most colics resolve uneventfully: no surgery or even fluids needed. Abdominal pain is common in horses in general, notes Ashley VanderBroek, DVM, Dipl. ACVS-LA, assistant professor of large animal surgery at Michigan State University (MSU) College of Veterinary Medicine, in East Lansing.When it comes to dealing with pregnant mares, I would say the majority of colic cases are similar to horses that are not pregnantusually mild and resolve on their own, VanderBroek says. However, when a pregnant mares colic becomes severe, it might require prompt surgical management.Causes of Late-Gestation ColicColic is just a term to describe abdominal pain in the horse, VanderBroek explains. Most of the time thats associated with the GI tract, but it doesnt have to be.We have to think about the GI tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract when a horse is displaying signs of colic, adds Julie Strachota, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACT, assistant professor and director of clinical education at MSUs College of Veterinary Medicine.In late gestation space is scarce in the abdomen. So, in a pregnant mare experiencing abdominal pain, some of it could just be discomfort from everything being a little bit more compressed, VanderBroek says.When the mares internal organs get compressed and displaced, diagnostics become challenging.It is very, very hard to call some of these GI problems just based on palpation or based on ultrasonography, says Ahmed Tibary, DMV, MS, DSc, PhD, Dipl. ACT, professor emeritus in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, in Pullman.With abdominal distress veterinarians often discern first whether surgery will be necessary. The precise diagnosis comes later.Gastrointestinal ColicAbout half the GI-caused colics in late-gestation broodmares are medical, meaning they can be treated without surgery. | Adobe stockNotable GI colic types in pregnant mares include a large colon volvulus (rotation of the bowel), cramping from gas, and impactions in or displacements of the large colon.A large colon volvulus occurs when the colon rotates and tightly twists around on itself, VanderBroek explains. It is more commonly seen immediately post partum. That is the most fatal form of colic, and broodmares, particularly, are predisposed to that.They are violently painful, like intractable pain, she says. Getting close enough to administer sedatives safely can be difficult.Sometimes the colic is just gas.Gas is produced during digestion, so the colon needs to be able to expand, VanderBroek says. But when theres a big gravid uterus, a little gas can lead to discomfort more quickly.Of the GI causes (of colic in late-gestation broodmares) approximately half are medical, meaning they can be treated without surgery, says Julie Dechant, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVS and ACVECC, professor of clinical equine surgical emergency and critical care at the University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine. Of those needing surgery, almost 80% are strangulating lesions. Those are mostly found in the large intestine.Pregnancy-Related ColicNotable pregnancy-related colic includes uterine torsion, abortions or dystocias (difficult births), hydrops (fetal fluid accumulation in the uterus), tearing of the abdominal wall, and uterine artery bleeding.Uterine torsion and uterine artery bleeding each account for approximately 5% of late-gestation colic, Dechant says.Uterine Torsion occurs when the mares uterus twists on its axis, potentially cutting off blood supply and damaging the placenta. It occurs more frequently during the final three months of gestation, Strachota says.Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion using transrectal palpation, which they use to check the severity and direction of the twist, Tibary says.Mares with uterine torsions usually display mild to moderate abdominal discomfort, Strachota says. They might lie down more, have a decreased appetite, or defecate less than they should.Cases of late-gestation mares showing signs of colic can present another issue: premature foals. These foals face such long odds that VanderBroek says she avoids delivering them early.If I take a mare to surgery for a uterine torsion, even if her due date is next week, I will correct the torsion, and I will leave the foal in the uterus, VanderBroek says.Abortion and parturition (giving birth) have similar clinical signs and can include vulvar discharge, relaxation of the prepubic tendon, and mammary development. Nesting in the stall, eating less, or isolating from other horses are other signs, Strachota says.Dystocias can occur with live foals but are more likely if a fetus dies in the uterus.Horses have to be born a specific way, with head and legs extended, VanderBroek explains. If the head or legs are bent instead of in a forward dive position, the mare might have difficulty delivering.Hydrops is rare but one of the most critical as far as emergencies, Tibary says. Hydrops occurs when an abnormally large amount of fetal fluid accumulates in the mares uterus.The last case I had was 230 liters of fluid, Tibary says. Thats 230 liters pressing on the diaphragm.Respiratory distress can be a sign of hy- drops, he says, or they are a downer mareone that is lying down and unable to rise.Muscle Tone and Age can contribute to colic risk, with aging mares or those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID, formerly equine Cushings disease) particularly vulnerable.PPID generally compromises the abdominal muscle tone and, as they get heavier toward the end of pregnancy, they may have ruptured muscles or prepubic tendon rupture, Tibary says.Monitoring the Mare for ColicHorse owners should be comfortable taking their horses vital signs. | Adobe stockTypical signs of colic include pawing, flank-watching, and rolling. But late-gestation mares can show broader signs, Dechant says. Watch for changes in attitude (agitated or dull), changes in manure consistency (loose or dry), decreased or absent manure output, reduced or absent appetite, and lying down more often.Watch the udder for premature signs of udder development or dripping of secretions. Vulvar discharge or development of abdominal edema or swelling are also important to monitor, she adds.Dechant further recommends owners learn to take their horses vital signs (temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate). Late gestation mares often have mildly increased heart rates and respiratory rates. Sudden or moderate-to-severe increases in heart rate or respiratory rate are not normal, she says.Call the veterinarian when you see obvious signs of discomfort; mild signs of discomfort that last more than one to two hours; or multiple simultaneous signs (such as mild discomfort in addition to not eating or abnormal vital signs).Treatment Options for Late-Gestation ColicThe mares treatment depends on the diagnosis, of course. For late-gestation colics that get sent to the clinic, approximately half respond to medical treatment, while half require colic surgery, Dechant says.Some problems, such as uterine torsion, have different treatment options depending on the clinical signs, gestation length, and clinician preference, Dechant notes. Some problems, such as hydrops or body-wall tears, require confinement, analgesia, and abdominal support wraps.For other problems causing abdominal pain, the mare might need medication to fight infection or prevent pregnancy loss, Dechant says.GI Colic TreatmentMares with a large colon volvulus need to go straight to surgery; time is critical.The sooner they can get to a hospital, the sooner they can get anesthetized, the sooner that they can get on the table, the more likely they are to survive, VanderBroek says. If it takes three or four hours to arrive at the hospital, the likelihood that theyre going to survive decreases.For other kinds of GI colics, treatment might include administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) for pain; using a nasogastric tube to check for reflux; or administering fluids, Strachota says.VanderBroek notes that pain plays a role in determining whether a case needs to go to surgery. Compromised blood supply is another factor. If somethings twisted or strangulating, I recommend surgery because thats going to be the only fix, she says. You cannot resolve a large colon volvulus or another strangulating lesion medically. Theres just no way to do that.Pregnancy-Related Colic TreatmentIf your mare has uterine torsion, a veterinary team might attempt to roll the mare using the plank on the flank technique.The veterinarian using this method first determines the direction of the twistcounterclockwise or clockwise. Next, after anesthetizing the mare, placing her on her side, and setting a wood plank on her belly in a specific area (TheHorse.com/124561), someone kneels on the plank, while other handlers roll the mare to her other side. The person kneeling holds the uterus still while the mare is rolled to correct the torsion.The technique proves successful about 80% of the time, Tibary says. To attempt it veterinarians must know both how to perform the maneuver and the direction of the torsion.If you start rolling the mare every which way, and you dont know the direction of the torsion, you could rupture the uterus, Tibary says.Veterinarians can also address torsions surgically.Mare survival is approximately 85-90% and up to 80% live birth rates if the mare is less than 320 days gestation, and the mare is not in shock or compromised, Dechant says.Prognosis After TreatmentSurvival rates after colic surgery in late-gestation mares average 60-65%, slightly lower than rates in nonpregnant horses, Dechant says.When the mare survives, approximately 75% of these cases can have successful pregnancy outcomes depending on the severity, she adds.Mares with hydrops have an excellent survival rate, provided they do not have body wall tears or go into shock, Dechant says, though they typically lose the fetus. But in many of these cases, mares can be successfully rebred and deliver foals naturally.Preventing Late-Gestation ColicPreventing GI Colics Owners will say, What can I do to ensure that my horse never colics? and my response is, Dont get a horse, VanderBroek says. Because theres no way to completely prevent colic.Still, our experts have some advice:Ensure horses have hay in front of them all the time so they eat throughout the day. If the colon is full of fiber when it twists, it doesnt compromise the blood supply quite as much, VanderBroek says. Horses were not meant to eat large grain meals twice daily.Feed pregnant mares and lactating mares according to their body condition and their actual energy demands, says Strachota. This will ensure they receive balanced nutrition, which supports their gut health and reduces the risk of digestive disturbances.If you make changes in feed and management, do it gradually to help the sensitive bugs in the gut adjust.Hydration can prevent impactions. Try flavored electrolytes if your mare needs more water, Strachota says.Preventing Pregnancy-Related Colics Some pregnancy-related colics have unknown causes.Uterine torsion is bad luck, VanderBroek says; theres nothing you can do to prevent it.Theories exist about the cause of hydrops but we dont really know, Tibary says.Strachota emphasizes the role of biosecurity in preventing abortion. Mares should be isolated from animals that have left the property and returned, and they should be kept away from high-traffic areas.Tibary stresses the importance of checking a mares pregnancy early because twin pregnancies are something that is either going to result in abortion or result in some pretty serious problems.If your veterinarian finds one embryo but the ovaries show more than one ovulation during the first pregnancy check, you might need to check again later, he says. Vets should examine the mare at five months of gestation to verify everything is normal. These checks can identify problems that could lead to abortion, such as a thickening or separation of the placenta.Take-Home MessageLate in pregnancy, mares abdominal space is a limiting factor, and they can experience colic, whether due to gastrointestinal problems, uterine torsion, abortion, or dystocia.There are other possible causes for colic, but those three come to my mind first, VanderBroek says. Deciphering a mares clinical signs can be tricky and time matters, so call the veterinarian sooner rather than later.This article is from the Winter 2024 issue ofThe Horse: Your Guide to Equine Health Care. We at The Horse work to provide you with the latest and most reliable news and information on equine health, care, management, and welfare through our magazine and TheHorse.com. Your subscription helps The Horse continue to offer this vital resource to horse owners of all breeds, disciplines, and experience levels. To access current issues included in your subscription, please sign in to theAppleorGoogleapps ORclick herefor the desktop version.

On November 7, a 2-year -old filly in Hernando County, Florida, tested positive for West Nile virus (WNV). The filly, who is under-vaccinated, developed clinical signs on October 27, including depression, incoordination, weakness in the hind limbs, and inability to stand. She is currently affected and alive.This is Floridas 11thconfirmed case of equine WNV in 2024.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.WNV 101West Nile virusis transmitted to horses via bites from infected mosquitoes. Not all infected horses show clinical signs, but those that do can exhibit:Flulike signs, where the horse seems mildly anorexic and depressed;Fine and coarse muscle and skin fasciculation (involuntary twitching);Hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity to touch and sound);Changes in mentation (mental activity), when horses look like theyre daydreaming or just not with it;Occasional drowsiness;Propulsive walking (driving or pushing forward, often without control); andSpinal signs, including asymmetrical weakness; andAsymmetrical or symmetrical ataxia.West Nile virus has no cure. However, some horses can recover with supportive care. Equine mortality rates can reach 30-40%.Studies have shown thatvaccines can be effective WNV prevention tools. Horses vaccinated in past years need an annual booster shot, but veterinarians might recommend two boosters annuallyone in the spring and another in the fallin areas with prolonged mosquito seasons. In contrast, previously unvaccinated horses require a two-shot vaccination series in a three- to six-week period. It takes several weeks for horses to develop protection against the disease following complete vaccination or booster administration.In addition to vaccinations, owners should work to reduce mosquito population and breeding areas and limit horses mosquito exposure by:Removing stagnant water sources;Dumping, cleaning, and refilling water buckets and troughs regularly;Keeping animals inside during insect feeding times (typically early in the morning and evening); andApplying mosquito repellents approved for equine use.

On November 7, a 3-year-old gelding in Rgion Gatineau, Quebec, tested positive for equine influenza. The horse developed clinical signs on November 1, including nasal discharge, fever, and cough. Five additional cases are suspected.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.About Equine InfluenzaEquine influenzais a highly contagious respiratory disease that infects horses, ponies, and other equids, such as donkeys, mules, and zebras. The virus that causes it is spread via saliva and respiratory secretions from infected horses. Horses are commonly exposed via horse-to-horse contact; aerosol transmission from coughing and sneezing; and contact with humans contaminated hands, shoes, or clothes or contaminated tack, buckets, or other equipment.Clinical signs of equine influenza infection can include a high fever (up to 106F); a dry, hacking cough; depression; weakness; anorexia; serous (watery) nasal discharge; and slightly enlarged lymph nodes. Consider monitoring your horses health at shows by taking his temperature daily, which can help you pick up on signs of infection early and take appropriate measures to reduce disease spread.Vaccinationis an important and inexpensive way to protect your horse. US Equestrian requires proof that horses have had an equine influenza vaccination within the six months prior to attending organization-sanctioned competitions or events. Your veterinarian can help you determine what other vaccines your horse might benefit from.In addition to vaccinating, following strictbiosecurity protocolscan help reduce your horses chance of infection and disease. Such measures include quarantining new equine arrivals at barns, disinfecting buckets and equipment, and preventing nose-to-nose contact between horses.Click hereto read common questions and answers about equine influenza.

On November 4, two Belgian mares in Adams County, Indiana, tested positive for equine influenza after a respiratory infection spread through their herd. A yearling developed clinical signs on October 15 and is quarantined. A 7-year-old also developed clinical signs on October 15 and died due to a secondary respiratory bacterial infection. Ten additional horses are suspected positive.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.About Equine InfluenzaEquine influenzais a highly contagious respiratory disease that infects horses, ponies, and other equids, such as donkeys, mules, and zebras. The virus that causes it is spread via saliva and respiratory secretions from infected horses. Horses are commonly exposed via horse-to-horse contact; aerosol transmission from coughing and sneezing; and contact with humans contaminated hands, shoes, or clothes or contaminated tack, buckets, or other equipment.Clinical signs of equine influenza infection can include a high fever (up to 106F); a dry, hacking cough; depression; weakness; anorexia; serous (watery) nasal discharge; and slightly enlarged lymph nodes. Consider monitoring your horses health at shows by taking his temperature daily, which can help you pick up on signs of infection early and take appropriate measures to reduce disease spread.Vaccinationis an important and inexpensive way to protect your horse. US Equestrian requires proof that horses have had an equine influenza vaccination within the six months prior to attending organization-sanctioned competitions or events. Your veterinarian can help you determine what other vaccines your horse might benefit from.In addition to vaccinating, following strictbiosecurity protocolscan help reduce your horses chance of infection and disease. Such measures include quarantining new equine arrivals at barns, disinfecting buckets and equipment, and preventing nose-to-nose contact between horses.Click hereto read common questions and answers about equine influenza.

Horse and donkey charity Brooke has played a key role in the passing of an animal welfare bill which will help prevent cruelty and improve standards of care for animals in Pakistan.The Animal Welfare Bill 2024 replaces the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1890 and will introduce modern regulations to reflect contemporary animal welfare standards.Brooke Pakistan worked with the local government and livestock department during the drafting process and lobbying efforts. They also ensured horses, donkeys and mules were prioritised in the Bill.Many people in Pakistan rely on working animals, including horses, donkeys and mules to help them earn an income.A recent study found that a single working animal in Pakistan provides an income to support up to eight people.Key members of the workforceNinety-five percent of the total equine population in Pakistan are used for work. The most common use for equines in Pakistan is transportation of people and goods while others are used in brick kilns, coalmines and agriculture.Brooke works with owners, communities, local health providers and policy makers to help prevent animals suffering and ensure they receive appropriate care and attention.This is a truly historic moment for all of us, as it marks the first time in Pakistans history that comprehensive legislation focused on animal welfare has been successfully enacted, said Javed Iqbal Gondal, interim CEO of Brooke Pakistan.This milestone sets an important precedent, reflecting our commitment to improving the lives of animals, particularly working animals like donkeys, horses, and mules.How does the Animal Welfare Bill support working animals?Prevention of cruelty indicating cruelty to animals such as overburdening, beating, mutilation, abandonment, and inflicting unnecessary pain as punishable offences.Veterinary standards all procedures on animals must follow international veterinary best practices.Animal ownership responsibilities the bill holds owners responsible for ensuring their animals receive adequate food, water, shelter, and care. Owners must ensure their animals are fit for work.Humane treatment and protection prohibits mutilation, harmful confinement, or abandonment of animals in conditions causing sufferingPenalties and offences imposes stringent penalties for cruelty, neglect, overloading, and using unfit animals for work.Public engagement introduces guidelines for educating the public about animal rights and encourages positive reinforcement in animal training.Related contentFamily poem about horse requisitioned for war features in Brooke remembrance campaignAngela Rippon to represent Brooke at remembrance service for animals lost in warBrooke unveils online learning platform for vets in developing countriesThe post Brooke influences landmark animal welfare bill in Pakistan appeared first on Your Horse.

Category Key Points Understanding Equine Phobias Horses can develop irrational fears similar to humans, including the fear of donkeys. Causes of Equine Phobias Traumatic Experiences: Negative events can lead to lasting fears. Environmental Factors: Surroundings can trigger stress and fear. Genetic and Psychological Influences: Predispositions to anxiety can heighten vulnerability. Symptoms of Equine Phobias Violent Spooking: Dramatic reactions like rearing or bolting. Anxiety and Panic: Indicators include trembling, sweating, elevated heart rate. Avoidance Behaviors: Shunning areas associated with fear trigger. Treatment and Management Gradual Exposure: Controlled introduction to feared stimuli. Training and Desensitization: Professional methods mitigate reactivity. Environmental Modifications: Adjusting surroundings to reduce fear exposure. Conclusion Addressing phobias requires understanding causes, recognizing behaviors, and applying management strategies for improved comfort and quality of life. In the vast expanse of the animal kingdom, phobias are not just a human condition. Our equine companions, known for their majestic strength and grace, can also harbor fears that significantly affect their well-being and behavior. Among the various phobias horses may experience is the puzzling fear of donkeys and other unusual animals. This blog unravels the intricate tapestry of equine phobias, exploring their causes, symptoms, and management strategies. Understanding Equine Phobias An equine phobia is akin to an irrational fear experienced by humans. While the word "equinophobia" generally describes a human fear of horses, our equine friends can also develop intense fears towards other beings and stimuli. Case Study: Horse's Fear of Donkeys Meet Bas, a striking example of an equine phobia unfolding in real life. Bas, an ordinarily serene horse, developed a terrific phobia of donkeys following a traumatic encounter three years ago. Whenever a donkey appeared near himreal or imaginedhis fear could not be contained, leading to dangerous behaviors. This story resonates with horse owners and highlights the profound impact of a distressing experience on equine emotions [1]. Causes of Equine Phobias Traumatic Experiences Much like humans, horses can develop phobias from traumatic encounters. Bas's phobia of donkeys stemmed from a singular negative experience, underscoring how a distressing event can launch a long-lasting fear [3] [5]. Environmental Factors Horses, being naturally vigilant, are affected by their surroundings. Environmental factors can often aggravate their fears. For example, the presence of a donkey in a shared space can become a significant stress trigger for some horses [1]. Genetic and Psychological Influences Though less documented, genetic predispositions and individual psychological makeup might contribute to equine phobias. Horses prone to anxiety or stress might be more susceptible to developing specific fears [3]. Symptoms of Equine Phobias When a horse is gripped by a phobia, it may exhibit a gamut of behaviors reflective of fear. Recognizing these symptoms is the first step in addressing the issue. Violent Spooking Horses may engage in dramatic reactions such as rearing or bolting when confronted by the object of their fear. Anxiety and Panic Indicators such as trembling, sweating, or an elevated heart rate can signal anxiety triggered by fear. Avoidance Behaviors Avoidance is a common defensive mechanism, where horses shun areas or situations likely to bring them face-to-face with their phobia [1] [3]. Treatment and Management of Equine Phobias Alleviating a horse's phobia involves patience, empathy, and often professional intervention. Use these strategies to chart a course to recovery. Gradual Exposure Techniques By carefully introducing the horse to the feared stimuli in manageable doses, over time the profound fear may subside. It's advisable to proceed with caution, for a rushed approach can exacerbate the phobia [1] [5]. Training and Desensitization Desensitization involves professional training that allows horses to be exposed gradually to their phobic triggers. This positive reinforcement strategy can help mitigate their reactivity. Environmental Modifications Altering a horse's environment to limit exposure to its fear can offer momentary solace. However, practicality is key, as relocating a horse isn't always feasible. For example, Bas couldn't simply be moved to a new yard [1]. Equine Gear and Supplement Collections Just Horse Riders proudly offers a range of Jodhpur Collection, Horse Riding Boots, Horse Riding Gloves, and Socks, specially crafted to make any ride more comfortable. Supplements for Stress and Anxiety Addressing potential anxiety issues can be supplemented by providing the right nutrients. Check out our Everyday Horse Vitamins & Supplements to support your horse's emotional balance. Conclusion Understanding equine phobias, including irrational fears of donkeys and other animals, necessitates compassionate understanding and meticulous management. By addressing the root causes and recognizing the behavioral symptoms of these phobias, horse owners can take proactive steps to enhance their animals' comfort and quality of life. Whether through environmental adaptations, desensitization practices, or aiding comfort with the right horse accessories, many paths can assist in easing these fears. It is essential that we approach their care with patience and understanding as we journey alongside them to well-being.

Baden Powell bred two in the same class. The leading sire this week is OBOS Quality 004 with 4 while Sligo Candy Boy is close behind with 3, and the traditionalists will be pleased to see a TIH is first on these results. See below the full list of International Eventing Results Virginia Horse Center International (USA) 7th 10th November 2024 CCI 3* Short 3rd Fernhill Swatch Out (ISH)[TIH] 2015 gelding by Watermill Swatch (TB) out of Hill View Lady (ISH)[TIH] by Lake View Pride (ID). Breeder: Anthony Kelly. Rider: Claire Robinson (USA) 35.9, 8, 16.8 = 60.7 5th Always Cooley (unk) 2011 mare OIO by Ramiro B. Rider: Audrey Ogan (USA) 36.5, 8, 21.2 = 65.7 7th OBOS Darko (ISH) 2008 gelding by OBOS Quality (OLD) out of Angie Van Paemel (BEWB) by Darco (BWP). Breeder: Brian Connolly (Galway). Rider: Jill Smith (USA) 36.4, 4, []

Strangles is an extremely contagious illness in horses that affects their upper respiratory tract. It is caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus equi and is the most common equine infectious disease affecting horse health around the world.Any horse can get strangles, whatever their age, breed, health or value, and it is a horrible disease. However, we now have access to a new safe and effective strangles vaccine that is easy to administer into the muscle, just like many other horse vaccines.Strangles in horsesAs well as curtailing riding activities and the movement of horses, strangles can lead to serious economic loss for yard owners and horse owners, as yard are shut down for long periods.For affected horses, strangles can cause suffering and in the most severe cases the complications can be life changing. In rare cases, horses can die.Open abscesses caused by strangles. Credit: RedwingsQuite rightly, there is a lot of concern and worry around strangles in horses.I regularly get asked for information on infectious diseases, such as strangles, as part of my day-to-day role as a vet.This article is an overview of what to look out for and how to manage and prevent this highly contagious disease, which is feared by the equestrian industry and not without good reason.The strangles vaccineThe strangles vaccine offers owners a further layer of protection to prevent their horse falling ill with strangles, something which can sadly still happen despite having good biosecurity on a yard.Vaccination primes a horses immunity to better fight off the infection if they are exposed to strangles. Most of us want to go out and about with our horses, so strangles is still a threat, especially if infectious horses are also on the move.The biggest problem with a strangles outbreak is the rapid spread of the disease.Most of the time I spend talking to clients is really focusing on answering one question: How do I stop my horse from getting strangles?.Fortunately, the way strangles is spread and the fact that the bacterium causing the disease is easily killed means that prevention is entirely achievable by developing good biosecurity habits.Transmission routesDid you know that strangles can survive longer in cold and wet conditions (up to 34 days)?Strangles in horses is a very transmissible disease and is generally spread via direct or indirect contact between horses.Direct contact between horses is when they touch each other.Indirect contactis where infective material containing the bacterium that causes strangles ends up being passed on via any of the following:People (their hands and clothing)Equipment (your tack, grooming brushes, mucking out tools, etc)The environment (water troughs, feed bowls, grazing, stable doors and fences)In these cases, the bacterium reaches the next horse when they lick or touch an infected surface, or eat or drink from an infected source. Suddenly you can see how easy it is for this highly contagious disease to spread.Signs of strangles in horsesThis strangles patient has clear swelling around the throat. Credit: RedwingsIt can take as few as two days and up to 21 days for a newly infected horse to show signs of illness after being infected with strangles.Several factors can influence this.The earliest signs of strangles in horses are usually fever (an increase of 0.5 C or more above the normal temperature for that individual) and being off-colour, which is why regular temperature checks are important.Other signs of strangles in horses include:Dullness and depression associated with fever and the swelling of lymph glands around the throat and jawsSwollen lymph nodes around the horses headTrouble swallowing and loss of appetite (due to swelling of the lymph nodes)Difficulty breathing (hence the name strangles)Difficulty swallowingThick nasal dischargeAbscesses on lymph nodesA coughSome horses only show mild signs of disease, such as a briefly raised temperature and loss of appetite or slight nasal discharge.However, these horses are still infectious and may be completely overlooked, especially if a cough is heard. In rare cases, more prolonged and serious complications can occur as a consequence of the infection.Video: devastating effects of stranglesIvesley Equestrian in County Durham was hit by a strangles outbreak in 2023. In the following video, Kath one of the livery owners tells her story about the devastating effect strangles had on her horse, Argento:Complications of strangles in horsesMost horses recover fully from strangles, but occasionally (in about 1% of cases) strangles develops as abscesses forming in lymph nodes elsewhere in the body.When this happens, it results in prolonged disease often with a very poor outcome despite extensive treatment. This is a condition referred to as bastard strangles, for literal reasons. Horses may not show signs of it until months after the initial infection.Other recognised complications include purpura haemorrhagica, which horse owners will recognise as limb swelling, often with little red spots visible over the gums inside the mouth.This is because the immune system within the horses body has activated in response to the infection, and may allow the blood vessels to leak.Perhaps the most significant complication is the one where the patient is blissfully unaware of anything wrong. These are the horses that become long term carriers of strangles.Is your horse a carrier?The riskiest factor in the spread of strangles is that horses will recover visibly but still be infectious to other horses for weeks, months or even years.In about 10% of cases, the horses can remain infectious by becoming carriers. They show few or no signs of the disease, but pass it on through contact with other horses, the people who touch them, or occasional coughs onto grass, fences or drinking water.Research has also shown that new outbreaks are more likely to start from direct or indirect contact with recently recovered horses, before theyd have the chance to become the really long term carriers.So testing all horses on a yard after there has been an outbreak is vital to stop those who take longer to recover from starting the next outbreak of strangles.The fact horses can return to normal activity and therefore go out to events and mix with new horses, but still have strangles in their airways, makes it doubly important for screening at the end of an outbreak.What to do if you suspect stranglesA bad case of strangles. Credit: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesBecause clinical signs can vary, it is important to immediately isolate any horse as soon as a strangles infection is suspected.You should then immediately call out a vet to examine them and take samples. This is the best way to rapidly work out if there is anything to be concerned about.In the very early stages of strangles in horses, there arent many tests we can do.To find the bacterium we ideally need samples of pus once the abscesses have ruptured.Before this, it can be difficult to take samples that will contain the bacterium and it takes time for the horses immunity to build up so that a rise in antibody levels can be measured.Diagnosing strangles in horsesA diagnosis of strangles in horses is made by:Finding the bacterium itself (culture) in the sample;Finding DNA from the bacterium, which means they were in the sample (qPCR);Looking at whether the horses immune system developed antibodies to the infection via blood tests.Scoping can be done when the infection reaches the stage where the bacterium gets discharged into the guttural pouches from a burst abscess in a lymph node in the throat area.Scoping is anequine endoscopy, where a camera is passed through the nose to view a horses internal organs.Abscesses in the throat area give rise to the snotty nose we see in many (but not all) cases of strangles in horses.It is possible for the infection to be limited to just the glands of the throat, which leads to snotty noses or an abscess opening up near the ear.Alternatively, the infection sits in the glands between the two halves of the lower jaw.Testing for stranglesBlood testing for a strangles infection is a big topic of conversation. This is a very useful test if you take time to understand what the results mean.Confirming strangles as the cause of disease in horses isnt always straightforward, as the bacterium doesnt grow readily once outside the horse, so repeated samples may be necessary.Of course, this means that the costs to the owner can be significant, meaning a single blood test appeals greatly.However, there is always a catch! This blood test purely reflects whether a horse has antibodies to the bacterium (or not).A positive result does not tell you whether the horse has an active strangles infection. Horses with active infection may well have a positive result. However, in the early stages of infection it is likely to be negative.So, what do the results mean?A negative result shows that the horse does not have significant antibodies against the strangles bacterium. It takes around two weeks for antibodies to develop, which explains why horses that are in the first two weeks of infection will have a negative blood result, despite being infected.Antibodies to stranglesLikewise, antibodies will hang around in the horses body for several months, if not years after infection has resolved.Antibodies can also form without the horse being infected by strangles itself, but merely by being in contact with other horses who have the disease.This explains why some horses on a yard where there is an active outbreak dont have the disease themselves yet they return a positive result further complicating the interpretation of results.In short, blood testing may seem to be a cheaper and more simple alternative to scoping or having repeated nasopharyngeal (this is the upper part of the pharynx, located behind the nose) swabs done.However, the most appropriate test depends on your horses circumstances and what you are trying to achieve.Prior to moving to a new yard, taking bloods may be the most appropriate test choice. However, scoping a horse is the fastest and most reliable way of confirming presence of strangles.Helping a horse with stranglesAt first suspicion of any of the signs of strangles in horses, the affected horse should be isolated.Regular temperature checking is the best defence to spreading the disease to any other horses. If a quarantine area is not available, then every stable or paddock can be set up to become a quarantine that would be effective for strangles.On yards with more than one horse, horses should be divided into three groups which do not mix in a traffic light system:Red group:horses with clinical signs of strangles or a raised temperature.Orange group:horses who were in contact with horses from the red group, even if it was only indirect (sharing water troughs etc).Green group: no known contact with horses in either the red or orange group.Always try to have separate people care for the different colour groups. If this isnt possible, start with the green group and then move to amber before looking after the red group. If red group horses are in need of additional nursing, then separate people should care for these horses and they should be very careful if they are also responsible for green or amber horses.Stopping the spreadPeople coming into contact with any horses in the red and amber groups should use overalls or plastic aprons, gloves and separate wellies or overshoes that are worn only when around this group.All of these items should be removed and disinfected or disposed of when leaving the horse or group.Regular hand washing and hand sanitiser are important.Separate stable equipment should be used for each group of horses too, from forks and brushes to buckets and clippers.Open and kind communication is encouraged, so the community can support affected yards and also keep other horses safe from infection.Financial impact of strangles in horsesJonathan Cleaver, co-owner of Ivesley Equestrian, openly discusses the impact of the strangles outbreak on his yard in a conversation with Abigail Turnbull, co-owner of Richmond Equestrian Centre in Yorkshire.They cover everything from business operations to the wellbeing of their equine community, plus the challenges faced during an outbreak and some of the lessons learned along the way in this video:Strangles Awareness WeekThe global collaboration behind Strangles Awareness Week(SAW) has launched the latest practical guidance to offer the BEST protection against strangles:Boost immunity by vaccinating against stranglesEducate yourself and othersSeparate new horsesTemperature check routinelyUnderstanding basic biosecurity principles is important for every horse owner to minimise the chance of contracting and spreading disease, and maximising their horses health.As part of Strangles Awareness Week, owners, yard managers and vets are able to learn more about strangles in horses and prevention and then incorporate this into their daily routines.Speaking to your own vet about testing for strangles is really important.You can see why this topic takes so much time out of my day and represents such a challenge.Its a good job I can talk the hind leg off a donkey!Related contentStrangles: a survivors storyHow to identify and prevent colic in horsesWhat to do if your horse chokesEssential items for your horses first aid kitHow to lower the risk of equine flu for your horseThe post Strangles in horses: latest vet advice for this contagious disease appeared first on Your Horse.

There are numerous groundwork exercises for horses to build trust that you can do and spending time doing them can be a very rewarding experience as it does wonders for your bond and relationship. When you stop to think about it,how much time do you actually spend working with your horse on the ground?Im not talking about grooming, leading to the field and other day-to-day yard jobs, but an actual training session without you in the saddle. Ill admit that nearly all the exercise my horse gets involves me being on top or with him at the end of a lunge line but groundwork for horses doesnt have to mean lunging a horse.Finding other ways to work with your horse on the ground is a great way to set solid foundations for riding, as well as build trust and confidence in your relationship, regardless of the horses age and experience.Watching how your horse moves their feet helps identify any stiffness on one side and how they look when they move.Crucially, working together in this way also helps fine-tune the bond between you and your horse, and there are plenty of groundwork exercises for horses that you can use to build trust (more on this later).Things youll learn from groundworkIt builds mutual confidence and trust between horse and owner, and you will be more confident when facing new challenges, like encountering unusual objects out hacking.Youll start to understand your horses body language, and be able to read what they are thinking.Its quality time together without pressure perfect for bonding.Groundwork adds variety to your training. Variety is key to keeping boredom at bay.If your horse cant be ridden for any reason, groundwork is a great way of engaging their brain and keeping them interested.All horses are capable of doing it, with plenty of encouragement.Your horse moves around in the stable a lot better. Theyll be way more aware of where you are on the ground if you work on your groundwork regularly and less likely to step on your toes!Groundwork exercises for horses to build trustGenerally, groundwork for horses can be done anywhere, and that is certainly true of this exercise from an equine behaviourist try it in an indoor school, outdoor arena or a fenced off field.Tack up your horse as usual but dont mount. Take the reins over your horses head and lead them into your chosen work space. Aim to give the horse maximum freedom, so that they dont feel held down or controlled by the reins.All you do now is start walking randomly around your space. At the beginning, your horse will need some direction and clear aids to walk on, turn and whoa, so you should hold the reins reasonably short, like you would when leading around a busy lorry park at a competition.Groundwork for horses: be the leaderTo guide your horse, simply do what you want them to do, showing the way and leading by example. To walk on, start walking.You may need to use your voice to indicate that youd like the horse to start going forward with you. In a state of complete relaxation, horses prefer to follow a leader, so put yourself in front.If your horse tries to pass you or is pulling hard, remain calm and ask them to whoa. Use your body language and voice to make it very clear to your horse what you are asking them to do.With consistency, they will work it out. When you want to make a turn, simply turn and walk that way yourself.Keep changing the reinIn this groundwork exercise you need to keep on changing direction. This means doing lots of circles and half loops of different sizes, changing the rein across the centre line and diagonals, and in both directions. Add in any other figures you can think of, such as a serpentine.The purpose of all this is to bring your horses focus of attention on to you. If the track stays the same (either round the outside of your schooling area or a never-ending circle), your horse will get bored and their mind will wander.Think of this groundwork exercise as being scribbling for horses. Like a small child with a pen who cant draw yet, you simply wander around in a random way.Dont do more than half a side of your arena (long or short) without making a change of some sort.Groundworkexercises: Relax your handsYou should find that, after a while, your hand starts sliding down the reins almost by itself. Whats happening is that you and your horse are starting to feel comfortable with each other.Your horse is beginning to understand this game and finding it easy. Theres nothing for them to worry about.You, on the other hand, are thinking about the next move and where youre going, and are no longer worrying about your horse. This is the best way for you to be with, and work with, your horse.How long it takes for you to get to this state depends entirely on your horse and their level of nervousness or anxiety.You may come to it within a few minutes, or it may take longer, but sliding your hand down the rein is part of the goal.However long it takes, stay with it until you feel that your horse is starting to relax and follow you about.Groundwork for horses: haltBy now, you should be neither pulling your horse along, nor holding them back. Theyre simply there, behind you.When the horse seems to have got the idea and is settled enough, come to a standstill and show by example that you want them to halt.Use a voice command, too, to reinforce the idea. Try the word stand, for example, or you can use any word you like the key is to use it consistently.Horses dont find it easy to stop for no apparent reason, it goes against their basic instinct, which tells them to keep moving for most of the time. If they do walk on past you, give a light reminder with the reins. This should make the message clear.Once the horse has stopped, start walking again and continue for a while. By now, your hand on the reins should be much lower down and the arm nearly in a normal, walking position.When this happens, your horse is approaching submission. Theyre going where you go and doing what you want. This means theyre totally relaxed and focused on you. Its a lovely feeling!Dont overdo itHow long you do the above exercises for depends entirely on your horse and their level of anxiety, agitation or excitement. Most come to submission within 10 to 15 minutes.Others may take longer, but 30 minutes should be plenty. If after half an hour you havent achieved relaxation and submission, end the session and start again another day.Your horse should have the idea by then, so the second time should achieve the desired end result. Little and often is key, and horses learn through repetition so it is good to repeat an exercise over several days.Groundwork for horses: pressure and releaseAccording to classical dressage trainer Diane Thurman-Baker, who has competed to Grand Prix level and has over 30 years experience ofworking and training horses using classical training methods, groundwork exercises for horses are an important part of training a horse who is responsive, as well as to build trust in each other.Part of creating a responsive horse is the method of pressure and release, she says. If all the horses are at a water trough, they move out of the way when the alpha horse goes over. To have got to that point, the alpha horse will have nipped them on the flank first.Holding a schooling whip during a groundwork session enables you to recreate that pressure and release situation.Gently lay the lunge whip on your horses neck to stop them moving, and remove it when you want them to start moving, explains Diane.Use a voice command, or a click, at the same time so your horse associates the physical aid with a voice aid. Aim for them to start working forward from behind, swinging through their back to create engagement and lightness.Four tips for getting results from groundwork1 Watch your body languageYour horse needs to be confident in you before they start, so keep calm and remain patient, but be assertive and always stand by your horses head so they can see you.2 Practice and patienceGroundwork for horses is a prime opportunity to bond with each other, so dont turn it into a fight by losing patience if they struggle to do what youre asking. Some horses like humans are less nimble than others. Just take your time and reward the horse by taking the pressure off and praising them when they nail it.3 Work in the middleIf your horse struggles with knowing where to place themselves, try to do all your groundwork exercises in the middle of your arena so they have plenty of space to move. Dont risk them backing into your fence posts.4 Go whiplessIf you have a horse who is extremely nervous of a whip use your hand instead to apply and take away light pressure. This is a good alternative to the whip technique.More groundwork exercises for horses to build trustConfidence and familiarity work wonders for a nervy horse, which is why putting the time in to bond on the ground and build trust is so worthwhile. It means that in time your horse will fully trust you whatever the situation.Diane, who runs Turville Valley Stud alongside her daughters Samantha and Joanna, both international dressage riders,suggests doing the following groundwork exercisesfor five minutes on each rein, three times a week.Exercise 1: A simple startStart by gently laying the whip on your horse, teaching them to stand still when its on and to move as required when its taken off.For more energy in their movement, the whip is lightly tapped on the horses side or quarters. Twinned with a vocal command, or a click, the horse soon learns whats required of them. Be clear in your commands and actions so they understand.Stand next to your horse so you are just in front of their eye and they can see what youre doing. Gently stroke the whip over their body, talking soothingly as you do so. Then:Start with the whip on your horses withers. As you take it away, use your voice to ask them to walk forwards. To encourage them to do this, give a slight pull on the rein or flick with the whip on their side where your leg would be if you were riding.As they walk forwards, you take a step backwards. Walk at the horses pace, neither pulling them nor restricting their pace.As you gently place the whip back on your horses wither, asking them to stand still, use hand and voice commands to stop them.Do this on both reins, until your horse understands that a whip placed on their withers is the signal to stop. It normally takes three or four attempts, maybe longer, especially with a nervous horse. Remember horses learn through repetition, so repeating the exercise is key.Exercise 2: Connect using polesAdding poles to your groundwork helps your horse lift their legs up and become more aware of distances between poles.It also creates the perfect opportunity for them to learn to be submissive.To start, simply get your horse to follow you around the arena on a loose rein and then over the poles.There should be four or five poles in the middle of your arena around 4ft apart. Then:Starting in the middle of the arena, walk in front of your horse, slightly to one side so that you can see them.When your horse tries to pass you or stops, change direction.Repeat this three or four times before swapping sides and approaching the poles in the opposite direction.This exercise is simple, but effective for bonding. Your horse will need to trust you to take the lead and be submissive enough to follow you over the poles without rushing forward and breaking their stride.Exercise 3: Work up to a shoulder-inThe next groundwork for horses step is shoulder-in. Horses who havent managed to build that stability in their movement will often kick in towards corners of the arena when ridden.During this exercise, you want your horses inside hind leg to step under. In this position, you lead and drive the horse at the same time.Stand on the left side of your horse, with the whip on their neck to keep them still. Then remove it.Click, or use your voice, to ask your horse to move forwards a step or two with you, then indicate you want them to move sideways to their right by lightly tapping the whip against their left side.Aim for your horse to walk in a forward and sideways movement, in which the body bends laterally from neck to tail.Ask for a few steps of shoulder-in, then place the whip on their neck to stop them.Repeat this on the other rein.This exercise gives your horse the opportunity to learn how to use and strengthen their back muscles.Shoulder-in is beneficial to horses because it stretches both sides of the body and, by stretching and suppling their topline, it gradually makes it physically easier for them to do what you are asking of them.Remember, dont expect too much of your horse too soon. Start by asking for just one or a few steps and rewarding them for each one, building up to ask for more steps so that they cover more of the arena.Groundwork improved our bondWhen my ex-racehorse was returning to work after an injury, we quickly got fed up with doing laps of the arena.The few sessions that we did try werent enjoyable for either of us, because he was only supposed to be walking and all he wanted to do was whizz around and expel some of the energy he had built up.So I started walking him out in-hand instead. He particularly enjoyed this because I usually picked a route with a nice grassy verge he could safely stop and graze for a while.Hacking in-hand was much more interesting for him, as he had plenty to look at, and it was far less stressful for me. So Id say that is a win for both of us!That time together was transformative: wed wander along, me chatting, him sometimes turning his head to interact with me.It progressed to more formal groundwork in the field and arena, walking over poles together, around cones anything I could find to make it interesting.I found that groundwork exercises for horses to build trust really do work and do wonder for a persons fitness too.We still went into the arena on occasion, especially when he was able to trot. King actually became much easier to school after this because he was more relaxed in the arena (previously he would be tense and hang for home and take time to settle into a session).Ill confess that the groundwork sloped off when he could be ridden again, but we still enjoy it from time to time especially when I havent got a lot of time to fit in some exercise between finishing work and doing the school run!Main image ShutterstockRelated contentNine lunging exercises to help your horse work correctlyThree interesting groundwork exercises for horses to work their coreHacking in-hand: why there are so many benefits for horses and ridersLong-reining a horse: how to do it and 5 useful exercises to tryThe post Groundwork exercises for horses to build trust appeared first on Your Horse.