Poor topline is a term us riders hear regularly. It plays a vital role in supporting your horses body, the weight of you, their rider, and the saddle they are carrying, as well as facilitating movement.Topline refers to the group of muscles that run along a horses spine from the top of the neck to the wither area, down the back and loin, and over the top of the hip into the croup region. So a big portion of the horses body makes up their topline and it has several essential roles to fulfil thats why a horse with poor topline needs to be worked and ridden correctly to improve it.What is topline?Topline involves three muscles in the horses neck:Thoracic trapeziusLongissimus doorsLattisimus dorsi (more on these last two later).There is also a big clue in the name: topline is located along the top of the horses neck and not at the bottom. However, you will see horses with more prominent muscle at the bottom of their neck (and therefore a poor topline) if they are not ridden in a correct outline.The purpose of the muscles aroundthe spine are to hold it firm when thehorse is generating force through hishindquarters, explains ACPAT veterinaryphysiotherapist Gillian Tabor.As preyanimals, to be successful in running awayfrom a lion, the horse has to be able totransmit force from his hindquarters allthe way through his body.The way hedoes that is to contract the muscles aroundthe spine to create a rigid back to then beable to gallop efficiently. If it was weakand wobbly he would lose so much energy that he wouldnt be able to run fast.Where is a horses topline?A diagram of the muscle groups used for toplineThree muscle groups are used for a horses topline. They are:Thoracic Trapezius attaches the neck andmid back vertebrae to theshoulder bladeLongissimus Dorsi thisis attached to thepelvis, the thoracicvertebrae and thelast four cervicalvertebraeLatissimus Dorsi attachesthe upper and mid backvertebrae to the lowerlumbar vertebraeWhat does poor topline look like?Sometimes it can be quite hard todistinguish fat from muscle, especially onthe horses neck. Fat is poor topline; muscle is good.If the horse has got a crest on his neckbecause he is fat, he will have fat pocketsin other places too, says Gillian.If youlook at a body condition scoring chart, hewill have fat over his loins and shoulders,tail head and a large tummy.When assessing topline, we are lookingfor a rounded shape, especially over thequarters, with no prominent bonyprocesses other than the withers. Theprofile across the back should be slightlyrounded, maybe even a little convex.In apoorly muscled horse, you can see thespinous processes prominently and thepelvis looks veryangular. The top ofthe tail and sacrumappear concave.Gillian uses her own cheese scale toassess muscle.Good muscle should feel like justunderripe brie and there should be a littlebit of rebound to it, with no spasm orresponse to it being palpated, she says.Poor muscle can feel like an overripe briewhere your fingers sink into it anddisappear, or a dried-out cheddar whichhas a solid feel to it.How to improve a horses poor toplineBefore starting any muscle-buildingprogramme, the first thing is to excludepain. This should include checking yourhorses saddle fit and foot balance, aswell as a physical examination by a vet.If a horse is in pain, they wont workcorrectly and you wont build muscle,says Gillian.Once pain has beenexcluded, you want to work your horse ina posture that is activating the musclesyou want to develop. Its no goodreinforcing a movement pattern wherethe horses head is up, their back is inextension and hollowed and their hindlegsarent engaged.The following four reasons could cause a horse to have poor topline:Pain and change in movementNutritional issuesExercise (lack of/working incorrectly)Saddle fit/rider issuesWhat is the correct posture for building topline?The correct posture is where the horses headand neck are slightly lowered, and theears are level with the withers. The horses neckshould be horizontal and their noseslightly in front of the vertical.If the head is too far down, and theylook like they are sniffing the ground, itmeans they are putting a lot of weight onthe forehand and not switching on theright muscles, explains Gillian.Whenthe horse is in the correct position, weare looking for them to activate their coremuscles and lift up through their back.They should flex their hindlimbs so theybend through their hip, stifle, hock andfetlock as they swing their leg forward.We also want them to reach forwardunderneath their body and tuck theirpelvis in with each hind step. Thiscreates hindlimb engagement.How long does it take to improve poor topline?Be patient! Muscle doesnt happenovernight. Visible muscle changes take a good six toeight weeks. You increase the number of musclefibres that work inside the muscle to start with,which is why you get an apparent increase instrength and function, but the development ofmuscle is a much slower process.Three signs youre overdoing it are stiffness, behavioural changes and lack of progress in your horse.Bycovering a variety of ridden, lungingand in-hand groundwork exercises, you will work therequired muscles in your horse as well asprevent you both from becoming bored. Try these four exercises from Gillian:1 Spiral in and out on the lungeA key exercise for improving poor topline isspiralling in and out of a circle on the lunge. The specialfeatures about this is that because you havelateral bend, you have a slightly differentaction to the muscles on the inside as themuscles on the outside.To be straight on thecircle, the outside hindleg and foreleg haveto take a slightly bigger stride and you arenot just challenging the muscles that flex,extend and move the limb on a straight line,you are also working the muscles that workon abduction and adduction. That is askingfor more effort than going on a straight line.How to do it:In trot, start on a 20m circle and then reduce the size by bringing your horse onto a 10m circle.To bring them in, shorten the lunge line so that your horse turns their nose off the line of the 20m circle. Then they will wind in towards you.To ask them to go back out onto the bigger circle, walk a larger circle yourself so they stay the same distance from you. You want a little drift to the outside, so the horses weight is taken to the outside.You want the horse bent in the direction you want to go, so their ribs are flexed to the outside but the inside hindleg steps up and underneath to lift them up. Once youre in this carrying position, if you can maintain it, you are then working those muscles.It will take two or three circles to get back onto the bigger circle. Its hard work, so two or three circuits of each size before changing the rein is plenty.2 Step under with the hindlegGroundwork is a key part of your trainingand can be used for warming up and beforelunging. Its about relaxation, coordinationof the body and posture. This exercise can bedone before a ridden or lunge session and while tacked up.How to do it:Begin by leading your horse on a small circle in walk, replicating the same posture as on the lunge, so a forward and down head carriage with your horse bent around you and stepping underneath with their inside hindleg.As they turn, you want them to step their hindleg forward and underneath their body, which will then encourage the horse to lift up through the core into the carrying posture in the back.You can progress this into a shoulder-in along a wall by asking for a gentle sideways movement.3 Do regular carrot stretchesStretches are great for recruiting themuscles that lie deeper around thespine and help to stabilise it. This is a good help towards improving poor topline.How to do it:Do carrot stretches to each side and between your horses front legs. The lower the end position of their head, the better the lift through the thoracolumbar (main back) region. These are best done after exercise when your horse is warm, or after theyve been in the field. Do them daily if possible.If your horse is on box rest or not warmed up, start with a smaller range of motion, doing between three and five of each stretch.Get someone to show you how to avoid your horse cheating and how to achieve a good quality of movement.Take care of the surface your horse is standing on. It should be non-slip.Consider positioning. You can put your horse in the corner of the stable or arena to help keep their body still.4 Work on a hillHill work is an excellent way to build a horses topline under saddle.Riding up anddown hills increases the activity of themuscles in the hindquarters, the backand the abdominal muscles, states Gillian.How to do itA slow trotor walk is going to be most beneficial inthe early stages.Again, you want the right postureand head carriage with your horselifting and stepping under so they are pushing up the hill rather than pullingon the forehand.With regards to the riders position,your upper body is perpendicular tothe horizontal, so the steeper the hill,the more forward a position you shouldtake but, ultimately, you want to staybalanced and light in the saddle.If its a long, steep hill, walk up it justonce or twice. Walking downhill is justas good because your horse needs tocontrol their descent and flex thehindlegs to step under their body andshift the weight backwards.You want a nice slow descent,allowing your horse to balance themselves. Allow freedom of the head as long as itisnt too high or hollow.5 Feed for correct toplineBuilding topline and correcting poor topline isnt just about exercise, italso requires the correct nutrition.In order to build muscle your horseneeds to be in a positive energy balance,which means he is receiving slightly moreenergy than he needs for the work he isdoing, explains scientist Dr David Marlin.The second requirement is to havesufficient quality of protein and wejudge that by the amount of lysine.Lysine is considered to be thenumber one limiting amino acid, so ifyou dont have sufficient lysine interms of grams per day for the workyour horse is doing, he wont developmuscle.In the same breath, feedingtoo much wont have any effect.Once youve reached theminimum requirement, feeding a bigexcess is a waste, continues David.For a 500kg horse in light work youdtypically need 800g of protein a day,whereas a horse in hard work wouldneed 1,300g of protein a day, so thatequates to 9g of lysine, which isnt much.Leucine (HMB) has also been shown tohave beneficial effects on both muscledevelopment and soreness, but only if fedin large amounts and shortly after exercise.Speak to your vet and nutritionist todiscuss your horses feeding plan.Main image: Shutterstock; Inset: Your Horse Library/Kelsey MediaRelated contentWhat are the Scales of Training in dressage?Should you hack out with your horse on a contact?Lunging a horse: how to make sure they are working correctlyGroundwork exercises: three interesting ways to work your horses coreFit or fat? Learn to assess your horse with this body condition scoring guideThe post How to improve a horses poor topline appeared first on Your Horse.

On November 20, a yearling Quarter Horse filly in Jackson County, Florida, tested positive for Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE). The filly, who was unvaccinated, developed clinical signs on November 7, including incoordination, head pressing, and inability to stand. She was euthanized.This is 22ndhorse confirmed positive for EEE in Florida this year.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.EEE 101Eastern equine encephalomyelitis is caused by the Eastern equine encephalitis virus, for which wild birds are a natural reservoir. Mosquitoes that feed on EEE-infected birds can transmit the virus to humans, horses, and other birds. Horses do not develop high enough levels of these viruses in their blood to be contagious to other animals or humans. Because of the high mortality rate in horses and humans, EEE is regarded as one of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States.VIDEO | Health Alert: EEE, WEE, and VEETips for preventing mosquito-borne diseases include:Avoid mosquito bites: Use insect repellent when outdoors, especially from dusk to dawn.Look for EPA-labeled products containing active ingredients such as DEET, picaridin (KBR3023), or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane 3,8-diol).Apply more repellent, according to label instructions, if mosquitoes start to bite.Mosquito-proof homes: Fix or install window and door screens, and cover or eliminate empty containers with standing water where mosquitoes can lay eggs.Protect your horses: Veterinarians recommend commercially available licensedvaccines against EEE for all horses in the U.S. Horses should be vaccinated at least annually (recommendations vary in high-risk areas). Its not too late this year to vaccinate your horses.Use approved insect repellents to protect horses.If possible, put horses in stables, stalls, or barns during the prime mosquito exposure hours of dusk and dawn.Eliminate standing water, drain water troughs, and empty buckets at least weekly.Stock water tanks with fish that consume mosquito larvae (contact your local mosquito control for assistance), or use mosquito dunks (soliddonuts ofBacillus thuringiensis israelensis, which are nontoxic to horses) available at hardware stores.

On November 9, three horses at a boarding facility in Ottawa, Ontario, developed acute ataxia, and two of the three tested positive for EHV-1. They are all recovering.On November 12, a fourth horse developed acute ataxia and is also recovering. A fifth horse was placed in isolation on November 14.All horses at the facility are being isolated.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.EHV 101Herpesvirus is highly contagious among horses and can cause a variety of ailments in equids, including rhinopneumonitis (a respiratory disease usually found in young horses), abortion in broodmares, and EHM.RELATED CONTENT: Everything You Need to Know About EHV-1In many horses, the first or only sign of EHV-1 infection is fever, which can go undetected.In addition to fever, other common signs of EHV-1 infection in young horses include cough, decreased appetite, depression, and a nasal discharge. Pregnant mares typically show no signs of infection before they abort, and abortions usually occur late in gestation (around eight months) but can be earlier. Abortions can occur anywhere from two weeks to several months following infection with EHV-1.Horses with EHM usually have a fever at the onset of the disease and might show signs of a respiratory infection. A few days later, neurologic signs such as ataxia (incoordination), weakness or paralysis of the fore- and hind limbs, urine retention and dribbling, loss of tail tone, and recumbency (inability to rise) develop.Herpesvirus is easily spread by nose-to-nose or close contact with an infectious horse; sharing contaminated equipment including bits, buckets, and towels; or clothing, hands, or equipment of people who have recently had contact with an infectious horse.Routine biosecurity measures, including hygiene and basic cleaning and disinfection practices, should be in place at all times to help prevent disease spread.Current EHV-1 vaccines might reduce viral shedding but are not protective against the neurologic form of the disease. Implementing routine biosecurity practices is the best way to minimize viral spread, and the best method of disease control is disease prevention.

A 24-year-old Quarter Horse mare in Tuscola County, Michigan, became ill in July and has since recovered clinically. Samples collected on November 13 were positive for strangles. Another horse on the premises also tested positive for strangles in September. At least two additional cases are suspected on the premises.EDCC Health Watch is an Equine Network marketing program that utilizes information from the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) to create and disseminate verified equine disease reports. TheEDCCis an independent nonprofit organization that is supported by industry donations in order to provide open access to infectious disease information.About StranglesStranglesin horses is an infection caused byStreptococcus equisubspeciesequiand spread through direct contact with other equids or contaminated surfaces. Horses that arent showing clinical signs can harbor and spread the bacteria, and recovered horses remain contagious for at least six weeks, with the potential to cause outbreaks long-term.Infected horses can exhibit a variety of clinical signs:FeverSwollen and/or abscessed lymph nodesNasal dischargeCoughing or wheezingMuscle swellingDifficulty swallowingVeterinarians diagnose horses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing with either a nasal swab, wash, or an abscess sample, and they treat most cases based on clinical signs, implementing antibiotics for severe cases. Overuse of antibiotics can prevent an infected horse from developing immunity. Most horses make a full recovery in three to four weeks.A vaccine is available but not always effective. Biosecurity measures of quarantining new horses at a facility and maintaining high standards of hygiene and disinfecting surfaces can helplower the risk of outbreakorcontain one when it occurs.